The land we call Syria is abbreviated from Assyria because the name stuck after Assyria fell in 612. It is arbitrarily called Aram here because the Torah calls it Aram even before the Arameans arrived.
| c.1000 | BEYRYT Lebanon, independent from 1400, comes under Tyre until 609. | 1000 rcLeb |
| c.1000 | PHOENICIAN culture and seapower peaks. | 1200-800 wikΦ |
| c.1000 | SILVER from Spain imported to Tyre. | 100 GHH |
| c.1000 | JERUSALEM, under Jebusites from ?, taken by DAVID, becomes capital of Judah until 722. | 2 Sam 5:6, Antiq VII-3-1 1068 trubi 1047 GHH 1005 B76 10-139, TTPC 1004 bivu, ds 975 hifiI |
| c.1000 | BETH-SHAN, under Canaanites from ?, taken by Israelites. | 1000 B76 17-942 |
| c.1000 | AHIMELECH, high priest from ?, ends. ABIATHAR succeeds until 961. | 1000 rcHL |
| c.1000 | GEZER (Gazara) on plain of Sharon, under Jebusites from ?, taken by Israel until 967. | 1000 rcCan |
| c.1000 | AI, in ruins from 2400, rebuilt. | 1000 SOTS 97 |
| c.1000 | ARAMEANS of east Aram, move southwest towards Damascus and beyond. | 1000 TAWH 56 |
| c.1000 | AHIRAM becomes king of Gebal (Byblos) until 980. | 1000 MWΦ 11, RAI3, wikAh |
| c.1000 | OXEN, exclusively used for heavy transport until now when CAMELS V are added in Levant and Mesopotamia. (See Arabia 1000, Sahara 950) | 1600 mxfld 1000 SHT 1-719-20 930 ntgg |
| c.1000 | Λ IRON PLOW SHARES used at Gerar and Megiddo. | 1000 SHT 2-86 |
| c.1000 | HADADEZER of Beth Rehob, Aramean king of Zobah, heads a league of states including Maacah, Beth Rehob, Tob, and maybe Geshur and Damascus. | 970 LEWH 46 |
| c.1000 | ACCO, under Tyre from 1200, comes under ISRAEL until 950. | 1000 rcHL |
| c.1000 | GERAR under Philistines of Gaza from 1200, comes under Iraelites, then Judah until ?. | 1000 rcCan |
| c.1000 | ZIKLAG, town in Negev, under Philistines of Gath from 1010, comes under Israelites until ?. | 1000 rcCan |
| c.1000 | BETH ZUR (north of Hebron) burnt by Philistines. | 1000 Jud 4-783 |
| c.1000 | Purple DYE made from murex shellfish in Phoenicia. | 1000 TTT 1000-951 TTS, TTT |
| c.1000 | Λ MUSIC: Professional musicians appear in Israel. (See flute 1350, wind instruments 800) | 1000 wikMI |
| c.998 | JERUSALEM, under Jebusites from ?, taken by David, rebuilt. | 2Sam 5:7 997 htc |
| c.998 | Capital of David, HEBRON from ?, moved to JERUSALEM. | 2Sam 5:9 997 htc |
| c.998 | HIRAM of Tyre allies with David, sends cedar to build him a house. | 2Sam 5:11, 1Ch 14:1 |
| c.998 | David is publicly anointed king over all of Israel and Judah. | 2Sam 5:17 993 htc |
| c.998 | Philistines occupy the valley of Rephaim. David defeats them at Baal Perazim (4km northwest of Jerusalem), and drives them out. They come back. David drives them out again. | 2Sam 5:18-25 1Ch 14:8-16 993 htc |
| c.99? | Ark of the covenant, at the house of Abinadab in Gibeah from ?, put in a cart for transport to Jerusalem. It gets jostled by the oxen. Uzzah grabs it to steady it. Yahweh kills Uzzah. David fears to take it to Jerusalem, so he takes it to the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, where it remains 3 months. Obed-edom does well, so David figures its OK to bring it to Jerusalem. He has Levites do it just to be safe. They carry it on their shoulders and put it in a tent. | 2Sam 6:3-17, 1Ch 13:7-14, 15:1-14 992 htc |
| c.99? | David wants to build a house for the ark. Prophet Nathan says it's OK to do so. Then Yahweh tells Nathan it's not OK, but that a son of David can do it. | 2Sam 7:1, 1Ch 17:3-15 992 htc |
| c.99? | Prophet Nathan says YAHWEH promises DAVID that his house, his throne, and his kingdom are established forever. | 2Sam 7:16 1Ch 17:14 992 htc |
| No condition V is placed on this promise. |
| c.99? | Philistine city METHEGAMMAH taken by David, renamed Gath. | 2Sam 8:1 |
| c.99? | HADADEZER, Aramean king of Zobah, on pretext of aiding Ammon, invades Israelite territory in Transjordan, , defeated by David, retreats to Euphrates, defeated again. | 2Sam 8:3, Antiq 7:5:1 970 LEWH 46, hifiI |
| 1,000 chariots with horses taken by David. He hamstrings the horses because of Dt. 17:16 - but keeps enough for 100 chariots. | ||
| c.99? | HADAD, king of Damascus, ally of Hadadezer, defeated by DAVID at Euphrates, loses 22,000 men, becomes vassal to Israel until ?. | 2Sam 8:5, Antiq 7:5:2 |
| c.99? | Israelite territory includes all Hamath and land to the Euphrates. | 970 LEWH 46 |
| c.99? | TYRE comes under Israel until 969. | guess |
| c.99? | TOI, king of Hamath, sends son Joram to Jerusalem to establish good relations with David. | 2Sam 8:10 |
| c.99? | EDOM conquered by David. JOAB spends 6 months killing all males. Edom under Israel until 922. | 2Sam 8:14, Antiq 7:5:4 990 rcHL 975 hifiEd |
| c.99? | Edomite nobility including prince Hadad, flee to Midian south of Edom, recruit men from Paran in Sinai, flee to Egypt. Treated well by pharaoh. | 1K 11:17 975 hifiEd |
| c.99? | NAHASH, king of Ammon, dies. Son HANUN succeeds until ?. David sends servants to Hanun, supposedly to "console" him. Hanun suspects that they are spies, and sends them home humiliated. | 2Sam 10:1-4 1000 hifiAm 981 htc |
| c.99? | JOAB and Abishai, generals of Israel, attack and defeat Ammon and Syrian allies, besieges Rabbah. | 2Sam 10:13-14 981 htc 980 hifiAm, rcJdn |
| c.99? | HADADEZER, Aramean king of Zobah, recruits reinforcements from beyond Euphrates, regroups at Helam. Shobach is commander. | 2Sam 10:16 no date: IDB 2-507 |
| c.993 | ABIBAAL becomes king of Tyre, vassal of Israel, until 980. | 1000 arg 993 wikT 990 adeT, rcLeb |
| c.990 | APHEK, under Ashdod from 1240, comes under Israel until ?. | 990 rcCan |
| c.990 | BETH-SHAN in north Jordan valley comes under Israel until 722. | 990 rcCan |
| c.990 | TOB, town east of Ramoth-Gilead, disputed from 1200, comes under Israel until ?. | 990 rcCan |
| c.990 | JOPPA, under Philistines of Ashdod from 1200, comes under Israel until 800. | 990 rcHL |
| c.9?? | JOAB, commander of Israel, attacks and defeats Shobach at Helam. Hadadezer makes peace with Israel. | 2Sam 10:17-11:1 981 htc 980 hifiAm, rcJdn |
| c.9?? | DAVID, king of Israel 1003-970, while army is away, does the number with Bathsheba. | 2Sam 11:3 1035 GHH 980 htc |
| c.9?? | RABBAH, capital of Ammon, besieged by JOAB, commander of Israel, falls. Joab sends for David to come and take it formally so David can get credit for it. AMMON comes under Israel until 925. |
2Sam 12:26-31, 1Ch 20:1-3 1035 GHH 980 hifiAm, rcJdn 979 htc |
| David TORTURES war prisoners of Rabbah with saws, iron picks, and axes. (enhanced interrogation undoubtedly to find their weapons of mass destruction) | 1Ch 20:3 |
| c.9?? | AMNON, 1st son of David by Ahinoam, rapes half-sis TAMAR, dau of David & Maacha. Tamar's full bro ABSALOM then hates Amnon. | 2Sam 13:1-22 1034 GHH 978 htc |
| c.9?? | 2 yrs after the rape, AMNON, 1st son of David & Ahinoam, is killed at Baal-Hazor (9km northeast of Bethel) by servants of Abasalom. | 2Sam 13:29 1027 GHH 990 TTPC 976 htc |
| c.9?? | ABSALOM flees to Talmai, king of Geshur east of the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee). | 2Sam 13:37 1034 GHH 976 htc |
| c.9?? | After 3 years, David forgives Absalom and has Joab go to Geshur and bring him back to Jerusalem. Absalom avoids David for 2 years. | 2Sam 14:21-28 1025 GHH 974 htc |
| c.9?? | Absalom is reconciled with David. | 2Sam 14:33 972 htc |
| c.98? | 2 yrs after he returned, ABSALOM begins courting popularity with the masses for 4 years. | 2Sam 15:6 978 TTPC 972 htc |
| c.98? | ABSALOM, eldest surviving son of David, goes to Hebron, sends messengers thruout Israel saying he intends to be king in Hebron. Solicits David's counselor, Ahithophel. | 4 yrs after forgiven: 2Sam 15:7 1023 GHH 969 htc |
| c.98? | DAVID, king of Israel, flees from Jerusalem. | 2Sam 15:16 |
| c.98? | ABSALOM, pretender to throne of Israel, with army, enters Jerusalem. | 2Sam 16:15 969 htc |
| c.98? | Ahithophel, advises Absalom to pursue David immediately. Hushai advises recruiting more troops first. Absalom favors Hushai's advice, Hushai has messengers sent to tell David what's up. David and his men escape across the Jordan. | 2Sam 17:1-22 969 htc |
| c.98? | AHITHOPHEL, chief counselor of Absalom, goes home and hangs himself. | 2Sam 17:23 969 htc |
| c.98? | DAVID, king of Israel, arrives at Mahanaim (location disputed). | 2Sam 17:24 |
| c.98? | ABSALOM with army, crosses east over Jordan R. Makes Amasa commander of his army. Camps in Gilead. | 2Sam 17:24-25 |
| c.98? | JOAB, commander of David's army, defeats Amasa in forest of Ephraim, kills 20,000. | 2Sam 18:6-7 |
| c.98? | ABSALOM dies. Eldest surviving son of David, pretender to throne of Israel, gets his hair caught in an oak tree. Murdered by JOAB, contrary to David's orders. | 2Sam 18:14 1023 GHH 969 htc |
| c.98? | AMASA, former commander of Absalom's army, forgiven by David. Promoted to commander of army, thus replacing JOAB. | 2Sam 19:13 1022 GHH 969 htc |
| c.98? | David is east of the Jordan returning from the war. Men from Judah ride to meet him and escort him back to Jerusalem. The other 11 tribes become indignant - like why does David need protection traveling thru their territory? It escallates. | 2Sam 19:15-43 969 htc |
| c.98? | Benjamite SHEBA ben Bichri leads a secession of all tribes except Judah away from David. | 2Sam 20:1-2 969 htc |
| c.98? | Commander of David's army, AMASA murdered by JOAB at Gibeon. Sheba flees to Abel Beth Maacah. A woman of the city has his head delivered to Joab to preserve the city. | 2Sam 20:4-22 969 htc |
| c.98? | 3 year famine in Israel, attributed to Yahweh being miffed at Saul for attacking the Gibeonites (a fact somehow not recorded anywhere else), in violation of a treaty made with them by Joshua (Jsh 9). | 2Sam 21:1 968 htc |
| c.98? | David, asks the Gibeonites what they want in recompence for an attack decades earlier by Saul. The Gibeonites obligingly ask for the surviving 7 sons of Saul to be delivered to them for execution - no doubt ingratiating themselves to David, who complies, conveniently eliminating 7 potential rivals. | 2Sam 21:1-6 966 htc |
| c.98? | Philistine / Israel war resumes. David leads in battle, and is nearly killed. His men convince him to go home and let them handle the fighting. 4 Philistine "giants" are killed in these battles. | 2Sam 21:15-22 1017 GHH 965 htc |
| c.98? | Philistine - Israel war at Gob. ELHANAN, an Israelite soldier, kills GOLIATH the Gittite (whose staff was like a weaver's beam). | 2Sam 21:18-19 |
| Agenda driven translators often say this was the brother of Goliath. |
| c.980 | 
King of Gebal from 1000, AHIRAM dies. An inscription of 38 words written in Old Phoenician dialect is on the rim and lid of his sarcophagus. (Oldest inscription in Λ Phoenician Alphabet V found)Son ITOBAAL succeeds to 940. (1st to be explicitly titled King of Gebal) |
photo pub dom 980 MWΦ 11, RAI3 no date: wikAh |
| c.980 | GERASA, city in northeast Jordan, comes under Israel until 880. | 980 rcJdn |
| c.980 | MOAB comes under Israel until 925. | 980 rcJdn |
| c.980 | ABIBAAL, king of Tyre, vassal of Israel, from 993, ends. Son HIRAM-I succeeds to 936, as vassal of Israel until 969. | 996 Sdl 1-159 981 IDB 3-802, wikT 980 RAI3, wikHrm 979/8 Sdl 3-219 978 adeT, rcLeb 975 arg 969 AYGC 218, LEWH 47 |
| c.980 | YAHWEH is angry at Israel for unstated reasons. He moves DAVID to conduct a census of Israel and Judah. David orders Joab to do so. It takes 9 months and 20 days. Count: 800,000 fighting men in Israel, 500,000 in Judah. | 2Sam 24:1-9 1017 GHH 980 MCAW 55 964 htc |
| That wasn't Yahweh; it was Satan. | 1Ch 21:1 written c.450 |
| c.97? | DAVID is told by Gath the seer that Yahweh intends to punish David for conducting the census. Yahweh offers David his choice of 3 punishments. David chooses 3 days pestilence. | 2Sam 24:11-15 1017 GHH 980 MCAW 55 964 htc |
| c.97? | To quell the pestilence, prophet Gad tells David to buy the threshing floor of Araunah (Ornan) the Jebusite and build an altar on it. David does so for 600 shekels, burns a sacrifice, and the pestilence stops - which it was supposed to do anyway after 3 days. Pestilence killed 70,000 men. | 2Sam 24:18-25, 1Ch 21:18-30 964 htc |
| c.97? | David's health begins to fail. They bring in a Shunamite girl to refresh him, but he's not up for it. | 1K 1:1-4 962 htc |
| c.975 | ASHDOD, ASKALON, EKRON, GAZA, and GATH, independent from 1200, under Israel until ?. | 975 rcHL |
| c.971 | ADONIJAH, 4th son of David by Haggith, plots to succeed David. Enlists alliance of Joab and Abiathar. Invites all of David's other sons to join him except Solomon. | 1K 1:5 1015 GHH 965 hifiI 962 htc |
| c.971 | Nathan convinces Bathsheba to convince David to declare Solomon his official heir. DAVID confirms his oath to Bathsheba that Solomon will succeed him. Summons Zadok, Nathan, and Beniah. Tells them to take Solomon to Gihon (a spring near Jerusalem) and anoint him king. They do so. | 1K 1:11-38, 1Ch 23:1, 26:31 962 htc |
| c.971 | All Israel celebrates Solomon's coronation. Adonijah's supporters desert him. | 1K 1 41 |
| c.971 | ADONIJAH, abandoned by partisans, flees to the Tabernacle, grabs the horns of the altar, asks Solomon to swear not to hurt him. Solomon says if Adonijah behaves, he is safe. If not, he dies. | 1K 1:50 |
| c.970 | David tells Solomon that he wanted to build a house for Yahweh, but Yahweh said David killed too many people, so David was disqualified. But Yahweh said David's son Solomon would be given the job - furthermore that Solomon's dynasty over Israel will last forever. He also tells Solomon to kill Joab. | 1Ch 22:6-19 963 htc |
| David is a bit more cautious than Yahweh, and implies that Yahweh's promise is ΛconditionedV on Solomon seeking Yahweh. | 1K 2:4 1Ch 28:9-10 |
| c.970 | DAVID dies. King of Judah from 1010, all Israel from 1003. Son SOLOMON succeeds to 931. |
Ant 7-15-2 1079 stnr 1036 stnr trubi 973 TTPC 971 HCC, bihi, biti, bivu, ds 971/0 Sdl 3-219 970 BI+N 28, DHJ 145, ISBE 1-681, Jud 5-1318, MCAW 52, RAH, RAI3, btl, frN, kical 967 lara 965 CAH 3.1, FLAP 106, hifiI 964 bica 962 B76 III-396, 5-518, WBH 33 961 LEWH 43, MRDK, MWΦ 11, bk, htc, rcHL 960 B76 17-945, BCoC 187, WPOT 950 Tmsn 56 939 lgbt |
| c.96? | TYRE, under Israel from 998, independent until 722, under king HIRAM-I, 980-36. | 969 LEWH 43, WBANE 341 968 IDB 4-534 |
| c.96? | ADONIJAH, eldest surviving son of David, asks Bathsheba to ask Solomon to give him Abishag (the Shunamite belly-warmer who was offered to David) in marriage. Bathsheba does so. | 1K 2:13-17 |
| c.96? | SOLOMON, king of Israel 970-31, uses Adonijah's request for Abishag as a pretext to kill him. Orders Beniah to kill Adonijah. Beniah does so. | 1K 2:25 1014 GHH |
| c.96? | ABIATHAR, High Priest of Israel from 1000, fired by Solomon, who appoints ZADOK to succeed until ?. | 1K 2:27 971 bivu 961 rcHL |
The stated reason is that Solomon wanted to fulfill a prophesy (1Sam 2:31-35) that the house of Eli would be cut off. Apparently Abiathar was a descendant of Eli. This shows that Solomon had access to at least this much of the Book of 1Sam, and that fulfilling prophesy was considered a duty - unless the whole thing is a later redaction.
| c.96? | JOAB flees to the Tabernacle, grabs the horns of the altar. Solomon orders Beniah to kill Joab. Beniah does so. | 1K 2:28-34 |
| c.96? | BENIAH ben Jehoiada promoted to commander of the army by Solomon. | 1K 2:35 |
| c.967 | SHIMEI executed by Solomon. | Sol yr 3 1K 2:39-46 |
| c.967 | SOLOMON makes treaty with an unnamed pharaoh (probably SIAMUN), receives pharaoh's dau for a wife. | 1K 3:1 1014 GHH |
| c.967 | GEZER (Gazara), under Israel from 1000, taken and burned by pharaoh (probably SIAMUN), who gives it to Solomon as a dowry for his daughter. Back under Israel until 926. | 1K 3:1, 9:16 960 Jud 14-1416 950 MCAW 54 |
| c.967 | SOLOMON, king of Israel 970-31, goes to Gibeon to sacrifice at a high place. Burns 1,000 offerings there. Dreams of Yahweh asking him what he wants. Asks for an understanding heart. Yahweh promises him that plus wealth and honor. Solomon returns to Jerusalem. | 1K 3:4-15 |
| c.967 | SOLOMON, king of Israel 970-31, judges between 2 harlots, both claiming the same infant. | 1K 3:16-28 970 MCAW 55 |
| c.967 | SOLOMON, king of Israel 970-31, has 40,000 stalls for HORSES and 12,000 horsemen. | 1K 4:26 |
| See Dt 17:16 & Josh 11:6. |
| c.966 | 1st TEMPLE construction begun. Solomon begins building Temple. Finishes the foundation in same year. Finished 959. | 1K 6:1 1012 GHH 970 kical 969 Sdl 2-91 966 HCC, bihi, bivu, btl 961 htc 936 lgbt Sol yr 4 1K 6:1, 37, 2Ch 3:2 |
| 480 years after Exodus. | 1K 6:1 | |
| Uses slave labor - foreigners only. | 1K 5:13, 9:22 |
| c.966 | SOLOMON, king of Israel 970-31, begins over-taxing his people. | 970 MCAW 55 |
| c.965 | DAMASCUS taken by Ezron, comes under Arameans until 732. | 965 wikDms |
| c.960 | TADMOR in desert east of Kadesh, independent from ?, comes under Israel until 928. | 960 rcS |
| c. 959 | 1st TEMPLE, begun 966 finished. Stands until 586. | 
MattesSol yr 11 1K 6:38 1026 trubi 1005 GHH 960 BNTH 3 959 MCAW 54 955 hifiI 950 B76 IX-881, htc |
| No Torah reading is mentioned at its dedication. Solomon just tells Israelites to keep Yahweh's commandments, which he commanded their fathers. Solomon then begins building his palace. |
| c.959 | YAHWEH appears to Solomon in a dream. Confirms that his promise to David about his house, throne, and kingdom being established forever was Λconditioned on obedience. Furthermore that if Israel doesn't obey, they will be cut off from the land. "Forever" is not mentioned this time. | 1K 9:1-9 |
| c.950 | ACCO, under Israel from 1000, comes under Tyre until 700. | 950 rcHL |
| c.950 | Fortress at MEGIDDO from 1025, rebuilt by Solomon, becomes an important administrative center. | 950 PW 15, Tmsn 96 |
| c.950 | Semitic Alphabets , have developed from Phoenician. They include Λ Phoenician, Aramaic V, and Hebrew. (See Linear-B 1150 Veracruz 1000 India 850, Greek 950, Greek 750) | 950 MCAW 55, TToH 6 8-700 wikAA |
| c.950 | 
Zayit Stone 38 lb limestone boulder excavated at Tel Zayit in southwest Israel. Possibly the earliest known example of paleo-Hebrew alphabet. Probably an inscribed abecedary (22 with 2 terminating symbols) and remnants of several other inscriptions (at least 3 words plus 2 other pairs of terminating symbols).
|
photo {{PD-US}} 10th cen.: wikTZ, wikZS |
| c.950 | Gezer Calendar limestone tablet at Gezer Scholars divided on script & language: Phoenician or paleo-Hebrew.
(See Egyptian 1500, Babylonian 747, Mayan 613, Cleostratos 520) |
oncenawhile1000 B76 1-619, BBP 14 10th cen.: wikGC |
||||
| Early Hebrew language and alphabet | B76 1-619 |
| c.950 | TYRE, independent 969-722, populated by Phoenicians, who continue expanding into CYPRUS. | 950 TToH 6 |
| c.946 | Solomon's PALACE, begun 959, finished. | 13 yrs after temple finished: 1K 7:1 20 yrs after temple started: 1K 9:10 1014 trubi 950 MCAW 54 937 htc |
| c.946 | HIRAM, king of Tyre 969-36, receives 20 cities in Galilee from Solomon for Hiram's help in building projects. Hiram doesn't like them. | Sol yr 20 1K 9:10-11 after palace finished: 1K 9:10-11 |
| c.946 | SOLOMON, king of Israel 970-31, begins building a merchant FLEET at Ezion-Geber on the Gulf of Aqaba. This means he controls all Edom. Hiram of Tyre furnishes sailors. It trades with OPHIR, which must have been in Africa, because they brought back apes and ivory. | 1K 9:26-28, 10:22, 2Ch 9:21 950 MCAW 55 |
| c.945 | SOLOMON, king of Israel 970-31, receives Queen of SHEBA. | 1K 10:1-13 965 hifiI 945 MCAW 54 |
| c.945 | SOLOMON, king of Israel 970-31, has 40,000 horses. | 1K 4:26, 10:26 945 MCAW 54 |
| c.945 | JEROBOAM, an Ephraimite, is put in charge of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh by Solomon. | 1K 11:26 |
| c.940 | JEROBOAM, governor of Ephraim and Manasseh, is told by prophet Ahijah that he will inherit 10 of the 12 tribes of Israel when Solomon dies. The news gets back to Solomon, who tries to have Jeroboam killed. Jeroboam flees to Egypt, where he is protected by Sheshonk-I, pharaoh 945-24. | 1K 11:29-40 |
| c.940 | ITOBAAL, king of Gebal from 980, ends. (1st to be explicitly titled King of Gebal) ABIBAAL succeeds to 920. | 940 MWΦ 11, RAI3 |
| c.940 | ETHBAAL becomes king of Sidon until 908. | 940 rcLeb 920 GHH |
| c.940 | REZON-I, son of Eliada, becomes king of Damascus until 910. | 950 MRDK 940 CBCOT, HCC |
| c.936 | Son of Abi-baal, HIRAM-I ends. King of Tyre, from 969. Son BAAL-AZAR-I succeeds 935-19. | 947 IDB 3-802, 4-722, wikHrm, wikT 945 ENBD 1303 944 adeT, rcLeb 941 arg 936 AYGC 218, LEWH 43, 47, MWΦ 14, RAI2, Sdl 1-159, WBANE 341 935 IDB 4-534 931 RAI3 |
| c.931 | 2nd son of David by Bathsheba, SOLOMON dies. King of Israel from 970. Son by an Ammonite REHOBOAM succeeds (age 41) to 913. | ruled 40 yrs: 1K 11:42 997 trubi 975 GHH 935 RAI2 933 TTPC 931 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, MCAW 55, RAI3, bihi, biti, bivu, ds, frN, htc, lara 930 BI+N 39, DHJ 145, MNHK, RAH 93, WPOT, btl 928 Jud 14-42, hifiI 927 bk 924 bica 922 B76 17-945, LEWH 43, MRDK, MWΦ 11, WBH 20, Tmsn 138, rcHL 899 lgbt |
| c.931 | REHOBOAM goes to Shechem for coronation, tells congregation that he will oppress them more than Solomon did. 10 northern tribes walk out of the meeting and murder Rehoboam's forced labor boss. Rehoboam flees to Jerusalem, | 1K 12:1-18 997 trubi 931 SOTS 183 |
| c.931 | JEROBOAM ben Nebat, in Egypt from 940, learns of death of Solomon, goes to Shechem. | 1K 12:2 |
| c.931 | REHOBOAM, king of Judah 931-13, tells tribes of Judah and Benjamin to prepare for war with the other 10 tribes, but a prophet tells him not to go thru with it. | 1K 12:21-24 931 SOTS 183 |
| c.930 | REZON-I, king of Damascus 940-10, under Israel from ?, rebels, restores independence. | 980 GHH |
| c.930 | JEROBOAM ben Nebat is apparently (though Bible doesn't say so) elected king of the 10 northern tribes until 909. He builds up Shechem. Figuring that if the Israelites sacrifice at Jerusalem, his position will be weakened, Jeroboam makes 2 golden calves, puts one at Dan and the other at Bethel as worship centers, appoints non-Levitic priests. | 1K 12:25, 2Ch 11:14-15 997 trubi 989 lgbt 975 GHH 931 ISBE 1-683, 2-996, RAI3, Sag, frN, lara, bihi, biti, bivu 930 BCoC 189, DHJ 165, MNHK, SHWC 29, btl 928 Jud 9-1371, hifiI 927 bk 922 AYGC 30, IDB 2-840, Tmsn 118, rcHL |
| ISRAEL SPLITS. United from 1043. Northern kingdom of ISRAEL until 722. Southern kingdom of JUDAH until 586. |
| c.928 | JEROBOAM's son falls ill. Jeroboam sends his wife Shiloh to ask prophet Ahijah if his son would recover. Ahijah says no, and that Yahweh will punish Jeroboam for his idolatry. The boy dies. | 1K 14:1-17 |
| c.926 | SHESHONK-I, (Shishak) pharaoh 945-24, with 12,000 chariots and 3,000 cavalry, invades Palestine, stops at Gaza, takes fortified cities of Judah, robs temple at Jerusalem, takes gold shields put there by Solomon, then focuses mainly on north kingdom. | Rehoboam yr 5 1K14:25, 2Ch 12:2 971 GHH 926 BHoE 529, ISBE 2-390, MCAW 54, TTPC, bk 927 ISBE 2-1010 926/5 MNHK 80, Sdl 4-3 925 BI+N 41, CBCOT, DHJ 165, IDB 2-26, Jud 9-1383, MCAW 54, hifiI, nar, wikTJ 920 IDB 4-338, ISBE 1-477, 918 IDB 4-30, 528, LEWH 44 917 IDB 3-794, Jud 13-402 |
| c.926 | GEZER (Gazara), under Israel from 967, sacked and destroyed by SHESHONK-I. Remains under Israel until 922. | 918 IDB Sup-363 |
| c.926 | DEBIR sacked and destroyed by SHESHONK-I. | 918 IDB 1-808 |
| c.926 | BETH SHEMESH sacked and destroyed by SHESHONK-I. | 927 ISBE 1-478 |
| c.926 | BETH SHAN sacked by SHESHONK-I. | 926 IDB 1-401 920 IDB 4-338, ISBE 1-477 |
| c.925 | AMMON, under Israel from 99?, rebels. Independent until 900. | 925 CBCOT |
| c.925 | MOAB, under Israel from 980, rebels. Independent until 877. | 925 CBCOT |
| c.925 | EZION-GEBER, at Gulf of Aqaba, under Israel / Judah from ?, sacked and destroyed by Sheshonk-I. | 925 IDB 2-214 |
| c.925 | SHUNEM, 6km north of Jezreel, under Israel / Judah from ?, overrun by Sheshonk-I. | 925 Jud 14-1482 |
| c.922 | GATH fortified by Rehoboam. | 2Ch 11:8-10 922 IDB 2-356 |
| c.922 | BASHAN, under tribe of Menasseh from ?, comes under Israel until 850. | 922 rcS |
| c.922 | DOR, under Israelites from 1250-991, comes under north kingdom until 724. | 922 rcHL |
| c.922 | GEZER on plain of Sharon, under Israel from 926, comes under Judah until 587. | 922 rcCan |
| c.922 | EDOM under Israel from 997, under Judah until ?. | 922 rcHL |
| c.920 | GESHUR (area east of Sea of Galilee), under Iraelites from ?, comes under Damascus until ?. | 920 rcCan |
| c.922 | HEBRON comes under Judah until 587. | 922 rcCan |
| c.920 | ABIBAAL, king of Gebal from 940, ends. YEHIMILK succeeds to 900. | 920 MWΦ 11, RAI3 |
| c.920 | Canaanite city, LACHISH, destroyed from 1230, rebuilt by Rehoboam, fortified with a wall of sun dried mud brick 6m thick. Lasts until 700. | 1000 IDB 3-54 just before 900 IDB 3-54, hrtz 900 ISBE 1-708 |
| c.919 | Son of Hiram-I, BAAL-AZAR-I dies. King of Tyre, from 935, killed in a coup led by 4 of his sons. Son ABDASTART succeeds to 910. | 934 arg 930 wikT 927 adeT, rcLeb 919 LEWH 48, MWΦ 14 |
| c.913 | Son of Solomon, REHOBOAM dies. King of Judah from 931. Son ABIJAH succeeds to 911. | 1K 14:31, 2Ch 12:16 979 trubi 958 GHH 915 IDB 1-8, ISBE 1-8, MRDK, Tmsn 138, WBH 33, rcHL 914 DHJ 165, Jud 2-75, btl, ds, lara 913 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, MCAW 57, MNHK, RAI2, RAI3, SOTS 185, WPOT, bihi, biti, bivu, frN, htc 912 DHJ 166 911 Jud 14-42, hifiI 910 bk 882 lgbt |
| c.912 | ABIJAH king of Judah attacks Jeroboam king of Israel at Mt. Zemaraim supposedly to reunite the kingdom. But after killing 600,000 Israelites and taking Bethel, Jeshanah, and Ephraim, Israel remains independent of Judah. | 2Ch 13:3-16 958 GHH 912 CBCOT |
| c.911 | Son of Rehoboam, ABIJAH dies. King of Judah from 919. Son ASA succeeds to 870. Mother MAACHA is regent until 897. | 1K 15:8, 2Ch 14:1
976 trubi 955 GHH 913 IDB 1-8, ISBE 1-8, 308, LEWH 44, MRDK, Tmsn 138, WBH 34, rcHL 912 Jud 2-75 911 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, RAI3, bihi, biti, bivu, btl, ds, frN, htc, kical, lara 910 ISBE 2-1010, MNHK, SOTS 185 908 Jud 3-670, hifiI |
| c.910 | Son of Baal-Azar-I, ABDASTART dies. King of Tyre, from 919, killed in a coup led by sons of his nurse. Son METHU-ASTART succeeds 909-898. | 925 arg 921 wikT 918 adeT, rcLeb 910 LEWH 48, MWΦ 14 |
| c.910 | Son of Eliada, REZON-I ends. King of Damascus from 940. TAB-RIMMON succeeds to 890. | 915 CBCOT 910 HCC, bivu no date: MRDK |
| c.900 | HALAP (Aleppo), under Arameans from 1200, comes under Assyria until 609. | 900 rcS |
| c.909 | Son of Nebat, JEROBOAM dies. King of Israel from 930. Son NADAB succeeds to 909. | 1K 14:20, 2Ch 13:20 954 GHH 910 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, 2-996, RAI3, Sag, frN, lara, bihi, biti, bivu, ds, htc 909 MNHK, btl 908 DHJ 168 907 Jud 9-1371, 12-751, bk, hifiI 901 IDB 2-840, LEWH 44, MRDK, Tmsn 118, rcHL 878 lgbt |
| c.909 | Son of Jeroboam, NADAB dies. King of Israel 909, besieging Philistines at Gibbethon, murdered by BAASHA ben Ahijah of Issachar. BAASHA succeeds to 886. | 1K 15:27, Asa yr 3 1K 15:33 953 GHH 909 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, RAI3, Sdl 4-13, SOTS 158, bihi, biti, ds, frN, htc, lara 909/8 ISBE 1-458, bivu 908 MNHK, btl 906 Jud 4-13, 12-751 905 hifiI 900 IDB 3-496, ISBE 1-381, 853, LEWH 44, rcHL 878 lgbt |
| c.908 | ETHBAAL, king of Sidon from 940, ends. | 908 rcLeb |
| c.900 | EARLY IRON AGE in Palestine ends. Began 1200. MIDDLE IRON Age begins until 600. |
900 IDB 1-207 |
| c.900 | GIBEAH: Saul's fortress, 5km southeast of Gibeon, is rebuilt. | 900 IDB 1-243 |
| c.900 | YEHIMILK, king of Gebal from 920, ends. ELIBAAL succeeds to 880. | 900 MWΦ 11 no date: RAI3 |
| c.900 | AMMON, independent from 925, back under Israel until 880. | 900 guess |
| c.900 | 1st known inscriptions in Λ ARAMAIC V language, mostly diplomatic documents between Aramaean city-states. Alphabet based on Phoenician. (See Assyria 745) | 10th cen: wikAL 900 atour 850 B76 I-476 |
| c.898 | Son of Abdastart, METHU-ASTART ends. King of Tyre, from 909. ASTARYMOS succeeds 897-89. | 906 adeT, rcLeb 901 arg 898 LEWH 48, MWΦ 14 888 wikT |
| c.897 | ZERAH, Cushite general under pharaoh Osorkon-1, invades Palestine, begins campaign against Judah. | 2Ch 14:8-15 900 CBCOT 897 GHAE 323 897/6 SOTS 185 Osorkon yr 28 GHAE 323 |
| c.897 | MAACHA, mother of Asa, regent of Judah from 911, deposed by Asa, supposedly for idolatry. | 1K 15:13, 2Ch 15:16 897 Sdl 4-29 |
| c.897/6 | ASA, king of Judah 911-870, repulses attack by ZERAH at valley of Zephathah at Marisa (Mareshah), pursues him to Gerar, raids Philistine cities around Gerar. | 2Ch 14:10-15 900 CBCOT 897/6 SOTS 185 895 MNHK 84 |
| c.897/6 | ASA, king of Judah 911-870, warned by prophet Azariah, removes all idols from Judah and repairs the altar at the temple. | 2Ch 15:2-9 |
| c.896 | Many Israelites of Ephraim, Manasseh, & Simeon, impressed with Asa's victory, desert Baasha for Asa, convene at Jerusalem, vow to seek Yahweh wholeheartedly, decree death to recalcitrants. | Asa yr 15 2Ch 15:10 897/6 SOTS 172, 186 |
| c.890 | BAASHA, king of Israel 909-886, fortifies RAMAH (south of Mizpah, east of Gibeon) to prevent further defections to Asa. Asa and Baasha fight until death of Baasha. | 1K 15:16 Asa yr 36 2Ch 16:1 ERROR! It should have said yr 16. 955 GHH 894 MNHK 84 890 BI+N 42 |
| c.890 | TAB-RIMMON ends. King of Damascus from 910, ends. Son BEN-HADAD-I succeeds to 860. | 914 rcS 900 CBCOT, IDB 1-758, WPOT 890 HCC, bihi, bivu, htc 883 ISBE 1-853 880 IDB 1-63, LEWH 44, 46, RAI3 no date: MRDK |
| c.890 | ASA, king of Judah 911-870, bribes (with temple treasure) BEN-HADAD-I of Damascus to break alliance with Baasha and support Asa. | 1K 15:18-20 2Ch 16:2-3 941 GHH 895 CBCOT 879 IDB 1-381, ISBE 1-458 no date: LEWH 44 |
| c.889 | BEN-HADAD-I, king of Damascus 890-42, attacks Israel, raids Ijon, Dan, Abel-maim (same as or close to Abel-beth-maacah), all storage cities of Naphtali. All Israelite territory north and east of Yarmuk River lost to Damascus. |
1k 15:20 2Ch 16:2-5 890 CBCOT 889 GHH 885 ISBE 2-390 878 LEWH 44, 46 |
| c.889 | BAASHA, king of Israel 909-886, quits fortifying RAMAH, moves back to Tirzah to respond to Ben-Hadad attacks. ASA then takes building material from Ramah to build Geba (9km south of Ai) and Mizpah. | 1K 15:21-22 2Ch 16:5-6 |
| c.889 | ASTARYMOS dies. King of Tyre, from 898, killed by bro Phelles. PHELLES succeeds to 888. | 897 adeT, rcLeb 892 arg 889 LEWH 48, MWΦ 14 880 wikT |
| c.888 | RAMOTH-GILEAD, under Israel from ?, taken by BEN-HADAD-I, under Damascus until 841. | guess |
| c.888 | PHELLES dies. King of Tyre, from 889, killed by priest of Astarte Ittobaal. ITTOBAAL succeeds to 856. | 896 adeT, rcLeb 891 arg 888 LEWH 48, MWΦ 14 887 LEWH 44 879 wikT |
| c.887/6 | BAASHA ben Ahijah, king of Israel 909-886, ocupies abandoned land in mountain country of Ephraim, builds a boundary fortress at Ramah. | 887/6 Sdl 4-13 |
| c.886 | Son of Ahijah, BAASHA dies. King of Israel from 909, dies at Tirzah. Son ELAH succeeds to 885. | 1K 16:6 930 GHH 900 Tmsn 119 886 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, IDB 2-69, ISBE 1-683, Jud 4-13, MNHK, RAI3, Sdl 4-13, SOTS 172, bihi, biti, btl, ds, frN, htc, lara 886/5 ISBE 1-458, bivu 883 Jud 6-560, hifiI, bk 877 ISBE 1-381, 853, LEWH 44, MRDK, rcHL 854 lgbt |
| c.885 | Son of Baasha, ELAH dies. King of Israel at Tirzah from 886, killed while drunk in the house of Arzah by chariot commander Zimri. ZIMRI succeeds 7 days. | 1K 16:10 950 trubi 929 GHH 886 LEWH 44 885 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, IDB 2-69, ISBE 1-683, MNHK, RAI2, RAI3, Sdl 4-35, SOTS 182, bihi, biti, btl, ds, frN, lara 885/4 bivu 884 BI+N 43 882 Jud 6-560 881 hifiI 876 LEWH 44, MRDK, Tmsn 119, rcHL 853 lgbt |
| c.885 | ZIMRI, king of Israel at Tirzah 7 days, liquidates family and friends of Baasha. | 1K 16:11 |
| c.885 | OMRI, general of Israel besieging Philistines at Gibbethon, hears that Zimri murdered Elah. Declared king by army, marches on Tirzah and besieges it. | 1K 16:15-17 889 MCAW 58 885 CBCOT, Sdl 4-40 884 B76 17-946 |
| c.885 | ZIMRI dies. Usurper of Israel 7 days, burns to death in palace at Tirzah. TIBNI and OMRI fight for throne until 880. |
1K 16:18 950 trubi 929 GHH 885 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, DHJ 171, HCC, MNHK, RAI2, RAI3, SOTS 158, WPOT 235, bihi, ds, htc, lara, 885/4 ISBE 1-458, Jud 16-1027 881 hifiI 878 Jud 15-1153 876 LEWH 44, MRDK, rcHL |
| c.885 | ASA, king of Judah 911-870, dismantles fortifications at Ramah and builds GEBA of Benjamin and MIZPAH. | 2Ch 16:6 |
| c.884 | HANANI the seer rebukes ASA, king of Judah 911-870, for relying on help from the king of Damascus instead of Yahweh. Predicts wars for Asa from then on. Imprisoned by Asa. | 2Ch 16:7-10 |
| c.880 | ELIBAAL, king of Gebal from 900, ends. SHIPITBAAL succeeds to ?. | 900 MWΦ 11 no date: RAI3 |
| c.880 | AMMON, under Israel from 900, independent until 715. | 880 hifiAm, rcLeb |
| c.880 | GERASA, east of Jordan R., under Israel from 980, comes under Ammon until 715. | 880 rcJdn |
| c.880 | Son of Ginath, TIBNI dies. Claimant to throne of Israel from 885. OMRI rules alone until 874. | 946 trubi 889 MCAW 58 885 biti, btl 885/4 bivu 882 Jud 12-1390, bk 881 Sdl 4-35 880 HCC, ISBE 1-683, MNHK, htc, lara 876 Tmsn 120, rcHL 848 lgbt no date: 1K 16:22 |
| c.880 | Capital of the 10 northern tribes: at TIRZAH from ?, moved to Omri's newly built city, SAMARIA until 722. | 1K 16:24 939 trubi 924 GHH 880 Jud 14-723, MCAW 58, Sdl 4-40 880/79 B76 VIII-828 875 WBANE 98, WBH 20 872 Jud 15-1153 870 IDB 3-601, 4-183 |
| c.878 | OMRI, king of Israel 880-74, makes treaty with ITTOBAAL-I, king of Tyre 888-56. Ittobaal gives Omri his dau JEZEBEL as wife for Omri's son Ahab. | 1K 16:31 878 BI+N 43 870 B76 17-944 no date: IDB 3-306, LEWH 44 |
| c.877 | LABANON depleted of its cedar and fir trees by Ashurbanipal-II. | 877 Jud 10-154 |
| c.877 | MOAB, independent from 925, conquered by OMRI, under Israel until 850. | 877 CBCOT |
| c.876 | ASHUR-NASIRPAL-II, king of Assyria 884-59, defeats Phoenician/Hittite alliance at Carchemish, takes Carchemish, invades Aram to the Mediterranean, all without resistance. Receives tribute from Tyre, Sidon, Gebal, Makhalata, Kaisa, Amurru, Arvad. He builds a fortress at Haran from which to administrate the country. | 878 bk 876 B76 17-942, 944, IDB 4-344, 722, MCAW 58, hifi 875 MWΦ 16 no date PANE1 188 |
| c.875 | 2 Chronicles 16:1 erroneously says BAASHA king of Israel 909-886 attacks Judah in the 36th year of ASA, king of Judah 911-870. | Asa yr 36: 2Ch 16:1 |
| c.874 | OMRI dies. King of Israel from 880. Son AHAB succeeds to 853. | 1K 16:28 918 GHH 877 MCAW 58 875 DHJ 171 874 B76 1-150, 17-946, CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, Jud 2-435, 12-1390, MNHK, RAI3, SOTS 174, WPOT 235, biti, btl, ds, frN, htc, lara 874/3 ISBE 1-458, bivu 871 bk 870 hifiI 869 IDB 1-61, 3-600, LEWH 44, MRDK, Tmsn 120, WBH 20, rcHL 842 lgbt |
| c.873 | ASA, king of Judah 911-870, gets disease in his "feet". Makes son JEHOSHAPHAT co-king. | yr 39 2Ch 16:12 876 MCAW 58 874 DHJ 182 873 CBCOT, HCC, IDB 2-815, ISBE 1-683, 2-978, Tmsn 138, bihi, biti, bivu, btl, ds, htc 872 SOTS 187, MNHK |
| c.872 | AHAB, king of Israel 874-53, builds temple and altar for Baal in Samaria. Endorses Phoenician religion. | 1K 16:32 918 GHH |
| c.870 | Son of Abijah, ASA dies. King of Judah from 911, dies in Jerusalem from diseased "feet". Son JEHOSHAPHAT sole rule to 848. | 1K 15:24, 2Ch 16:13 914 GHH 874 DHJ 166 873 IDB 1-243, ISBE 1-308, LEWH 44, MRDK, WBH 34, rcHL 871 Sdl 4-14, btl 870 BI+N 46, CAH 3.1, HCC, ISBE 1-683, RAI3, WPOT 236, biti, bivu, ds, frN, lara 869 MNHK, SOTS 185 868 bk 867 Jud 3-670, hifiI |
| c.870 | EYE MAKEUP, common in Egypt from 4000, introduced to Israel by Jezebel. | 850 EOET 223 |
| c.870 | MESHA becomes king of Moab until 840, vassal of Israel until 850. | 870 rcJdn |
| c.867 | JEHOSHAPHAT, king of Judah 870-48, begins political and religious reform, sends Levite law teachers thruout Judah. A "book of the law" V exists at this time. | yr 3: 2Ch 17:7-9 870 Sdl 4-70 |
| c.867 | JEHORAM, son of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah 870-48, marries ATHALIAH, dau of Omri. | dau of Omri: 2K 8:26, 2Ch 22:2, SOTS 175, 187 dau of Ahab: 2K 8:18, 2Ch 21:6, IDB 1-306 914 GHH |
| c.864 | JEZEBEL, wife of Ahab king of Israel 874-53, begins killing prophets of Yahweh. Prophet OBADIAH hides 100 prophets in a cave, feeds them bread & water. | 1K 18:4 |
| c.860 | BEN-HADAD-I, king of Damascus from 890, ends. BEN-HADAD-II succeeds until 842. | 880 rcS 875 IDB 1-758 860 CBCOT, ISBE 1-458 853 CAH 3.1 Many sources count these as the same man with a long reign. |
| c.860 | Prophet ELIJAH leads prophet school at Mt. Carmel. | 860 bk |
| c.858 | ARAME becomes king of Arpad until 834. | 858 CAH 3.1 |
| c.858 | ARAME king of Arpad breaks from Aramean coalition and pays tribute to Shalmanezer-III. | 858 Jud 3-497 |
| c.858 | ELIJAH begins ministry until 854. | 910 GHH 858 bihi, htc |
| c.857 | BEN-HADAD-II, king of Damascus + 32 vassal kings, besiege AHAB in Samaria. Ahab offers tribute. Ben demands plunder. | 1K 20:1-6 889 GHH 860 Sdl 4-76 855 hifiI 853 CBCOT |
| c.857 | AHAB, king of Israel 874-53, takes advice of Samarian elders, refuses Ben-Hadad's demand. A prophet confirms Ahab's victory, and tells him to use his provincial princes to lead the battle. Ahab does so and routs Ben-Hadad-I. | 1K 20:8-21 860 bk 855 ISBE 1-853 |
| c.856 | ITTOBAAL-I ends. King of Tyre from 888. BAAL-ESER succeeds 855-50. |
866 BI+N 43 863 adeT, rcLeb 859 arg 856 LEWH 44, 48, MWΦ 14, 17 847 wikT |
| c.856 | BEN-HADAD-II, king of Damascus 860-42, listens to counselors who tell him that Israel's gods are mountain gods, therefore he should attack Ahab in the plain. Ben returns with an all Aramean army, the same number as the first, to the valley of APHEK. Defeated by Ahab. | 1K 20:22-30 901 GHH 860 Sdl 4-76 854 ISBE 1-853 853 CBCOT |
| c.856 | HAZOR destroyed by Ben Hadad enroute to Samaria. Rebuilt later in same century. | 855/4 hifiHz |
| c.856 | BEN-HADAD-II, king of Damascus 890-42, captured by Ahab, promises to return all captured land, released. | 1K 20:31-34 |
| c.856/5 | BEN-HADAD-II, king of Damascus 860-42, returns all(?) captured land to Ahab except Ramoth-Gilead. | 1K 20:31-34 |
| c.854 | AHAB, king of Israel 874-53, makes son AHAZIAH co-king. | 898 GHH 854 btl, lara |
| 853 | SHALMANEZER-III, goes from Halap south to Hamath, receives more tribute, takes Adenu, Barga, Aragna, receives more tribute, burns palaces, goes to Qarqar. | yr 6 PANE1 190 |
| 853 | ANTI-ASSYRIAN COALITION (led by Ben-Hadad of Damascus and Irhuleni of Hamath, + 12 subject kings including Arvad, Gebal, Edom, Hamath, Kedar, Ahab of Israel) attacks Shalmanezer-III, king of Assyria 859-24 (in his 6th year) at Qarqar. Outcome disputed. Assyrians claim victory, but do not press on. | 853 B76 17-942, IDB 1-62, 381, ISBE 1-458, 4-446, MNHK, RAI2, SOTS 156, Sdl 4-80, WPOT 144, hifiAm, livBQ, wikBQ |
| 853 exact | BATTLE of QARQAR (Karkar): earliest exact date in Near Eastern history. Confirmed by Ptolemy's canon in relation to the Assyrian eclipse of 763. Proves that the death of Ahab is no earlier than the 6th year of Shalmanezer-III. | 854 DHJ 424, WBH 20 853 BI+N 47, GHAE 326, IDB 1-62, ISBE 2-886, 4-446, Jud 3-287, MNHK 76, Tmsn 125, bivu, bk, doth |
| c.853 | HAMATH becomes Assyrian vassal kingdom until 720. | 853 rcS |
| 853 | Λ CAMELS: About 1,000 dromedaries used by Arab king Gindibu at Qarqar. 1st recorded military use of camels. (See Sahara 950, Anatolia 547, Egypt 525) | 853 wikCC |
| c.853 | SHALMANEZER-III, king of Assyria 859-24, returns from Levant to Assyria. | 853 implied |
| c.853 | JEHOSHAPHAT, king of Judah 870-48, visits Ahab in Samaria. Agrees to help Ahab recover Ramoth-Gilead, but asks for confirmation by a prophet. Ahab has 400 prophets who confirm victory. Prophet MICAIAH, summoned by Ahab at request of Jehoshaphat, predicts defeat and death for Ahab. Ahab imprisons Micaiah. | 1k 22:2-9 853 CBCOT |
| c.853 | JEHOSHAPHAT, king of Judah 870-48, makes son JEHORAM co-king. | 892 GHH 854 ISBE 1-683, 853 MNHK, htc, lara |
| c.853 | JEHOSHAPHAT and AHAB march their armies to Ramoth-Gilead and are defeated by Ben-Hadad-II. | 1k 22:29-37, 2Ch 18:28-34 853 CBCOT, Sdl 4-84 |
| c.853 | Son of Omri, AHAB dies. King of Israel from 874, killed by a stray arrow from army of Ben-Hadad-II at Ramoth-Gilead. Son AHAZIAH succeeds to 852. | 1K 22:40, 2Ch 18:34 917 trubi 897 GHH 853 B76 1-150, CAH 3.1, CBCOT, DHJ 173, HCC, ISBE 1-458, 683, Jud 2-456, MCAW 58, MNHK, RAI2, RAI3, Sdl 4-51, SOTS 174, WPOT 235, biti, bivu, ds, frN, htc, lara 852 Jud 2-435, bk 850 IDB 1-61, 66, LEWH 44, MRDK, Tmsn 120, rcHL 848 hifiI 822 lgbt |
| c.853 | JEHOSHAPHAT, king of Judah 870-48, returns from Ramoth-Gilead to Jerusalem. Rebuked by seer Jehu ben Hanani for alliance with Ahab. Promotes Yahweh worship thruout Judah, sets Yahweh-fearing judges in all walled cities. | 2Ch 19:1 |
| c.853 | AMMON, MOAB, & EDOM attack Judahites at Hazazon-Tamar in Edom. | 2Ch 20 853 CBCOT |
| c.853 | JEHOSHAPHAT, king of Judah 870-48, proclaims fast thruout Judah, gathers people to temple to seek Yahweh. Prophet JAHAZIEL predicts victory without fight on following day. It happens. | 2Ch 20:3 |
| c. 853/2 | JEHOSHAPHAT, king of Judah 870-48, allies with AHAZIAH king of Israel. Builds ships at Ezion-Geber for trade with TARSHISH !! (Ezion-Geber is on the Gulf of Aqaba, and Tarshish is in Spain!) The ships are broken, perhaps fortunately. | 2Ch 20:36 |
| c.852 | AHAZIAH ben Ahab, king of Israel 853-2, falls out of a window. Seriously injured. Sends messengers to Baal-Zebub god of Ekron, to ask prognosis. | 2K 1:2 917 trubi 896 GHH 845 IDB 1-332 |
| c.852 | ELIJAH, on orders from angel of Yahweh, intercepts messengers of Ahaziah, predicts death of Ahaziah. Messengers return and tell Ahaziah. | 2K 1:3 |
| c.852 | Prophet ELIJAH ends, ELISHA begins. | 895 GHH 854 MCAW 58 852 HCC, bihi, htc 851 bk 850 Sdl 4-122 |
| c.852 | Son of Ahab, AHAZIAH dies. King of Israel from 853, dies of injuries caused by a fall. Bro JORAM succeeds to 841. | 2K 1:17 853 btl, lara 852 B76 I-150, DHJ 184, CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, 2-977, Jud 2-455, MCAW 58, MNHK, RAI2, RAI3, Sdl 4-88, SOTS 178, bihi, biti, bivu, ds, htc 851 bk 851/0 Jud 9-1323 849 B76 V-538, IDB 1-66, 2-972, LEWH 44, MRDK, Tmsn 120, rcHL 847 hifiI 821 lgbt |
| c.850 | BAAL-ESER ends. King of Tyre, from 855. Son (age 3) METTEN succeeds 849-21. | 853 arg 850 LEWH 48, MWΦ 17 841 wikT 829 adeT, rcLeb Baalmazer-II succeeds: LEWH 48 |
| c.850 | MESHA, king of Moab 870-40, vassal of Israel, stops paying tribute to Israel. MOAB, under Israel from 877, independent until 710. | after Ahab dies: 2K 3:4 870 rcJdn 851 bk 850 CBCOT |
| c.850 | JORAM king of Israel 852-41, secures alliance with JEHOSHAPHAT king of Judah and aid of EDOM to fight MESHA king of Moab. | 2K 3:7 |
| c. 850 | COALITION of Israel, Judah, and Edom defeats Moabites, chases them back to Moab, destroys Moabite cities, besieges Mesha in Kir-haraseth. Mesha gets on a wall where he can be seen, and sacrifices his son to Chemosh. The coalition abandons the siege. Everybody goes home. | 2K 3:24-27 895 GHH 850 CBCOT, Sdl 4-93 849 IDB 3-416 |
| It's a lie. Moab wins, and even invades and defeats Samaria. | 847 hifiI |
| c.850 | Ben Hadad Stele erected near Halap, dedicated to god Melqart. Mentions Rezon, Hezion, and Tabrimmon. | 850 LEWH 47, juc |
| c.850 | BASHAN, under Israel from 922, comes under Damascus until 732. | 850 rcS |
| c.850 | JEHOIADA, becomes High Priest of Jerusalem until 825. | 850 af |
| c.850 | Yahwist "J" V version of Pentateuch begins in Judah. | 850 ISBE 1-487 |
| c. 850 | 
Mesha Stele (Moabite Stone) Mesha, king of Moab, erects a black basalt monument written in Moabite language (very close to Hebrew) in Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. 1st known inscription to show division of words and clauses by points and strokes.Mesha says Kemosh, god of Moab, had been angry with his people and allowed them to be subjugated to Israel, but then Kemosh returned and helped Mesha defeat Omri's son (not named), and the men of Gad at Ataroth, Nebo and Jehaz, and throw off the yoke of Israel. Mesha then lists his many building projects. |
photo GNU FDL 850 BBP 14, 27, SHT 1-764, prlmn 840 wikMS |
| c.848 | SHALMANEZER-III, king of Assyria 859-24, attacks Aram. | 848 IDB 1-62, Sdl 4-98 |
| c.848 | BEN-HADAD-II, king of Damascus 860-42, and coalition of 12, resists attack by Shalmanezer-III, king of Assyria 859-24 before Hamath. | 2K 5:21 848 Jud 3-287, 4-515, Sdl 4-99, SOTS 165, WPOT 144 |
| c.848 | Prophet MICAIAH begins. | 848 bivu |
| c.848 | Prophet OBADIAH begins until 841. | 850 ds 848 bivu 845 CBCOT |
| c.848 | Son of Asa, JEHOSHAPHAT dies. King of Judah from 870, dies. Son (age 32) JEHORAM sole rule to 841, has all his bros murdered. | 1K 22:50, 2Ch 21:1 889 GHH 853 biti, bivu 852 bihi 850 DHJ 182 849 B76 V-538, IDB 2-971, ISBE 2-978, LEWH 45, MRDK, WBH 34, rcHL 848 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, MNHK, RAI3, SOTS 189, WPOT 236, frN 847 hifiI, bk 846 lara 845 BI+N 46, Sdl 4-70 843 bivu 840 Tmsn 138 822 lgbt 818 biti |
A Biblical king of Israel was called both Joram and Jehoram.
A Biblical king of Judah was called both Joram and Jehoram.
To confuse us worse, these kings were contemporaries.
I have arbitrarily chosen Joram for Israel and Jehoram for Judah. It gets worse.
| c.846 | EDOM and LIBNAH (in Sinai), vassals of Judah from 997, rebel against JEHORAM King of Judah 848-1. Jehoram defeats them at Zair, but they continue in rebellion. | 2K 8:20-22, 2Ch 21:8 888 GHH 846 hifiEd 845 CBCOT |
| c.846 | EZION-GEBER on Gulf of Aqaba, under Judah from ?, recovered by EDOM until 760. | implied by above |
| c.845 | BEN-HADAD-II, king of Damascus 860-42 and his coalition, resists another attack by Shalmanezer-III. | 845 Jud 3-287, 4-515, Sdl 4-99, SOTS 165, WPOT 144 |
| c.845 | BEN-HADAD-II, king of Damascus 860-42, attacks Israel. | 2K 6:8 845 CBCOT |
| c.845 | BEN-HADAD-II, king of Damascus 860-42, besieges JORAM in Samaria unsuccessfully. ELISHA is also in Samaria. | 2K 6:24 - 7:8 845 CBCOT, bk |
| c.844 | PHILISTINES and ARABS of Sinai invade Judah, plunder Jerusalem, kidnap family of Jehoram, except for his youngest son Ahaziah. | 2K 21:16-17 850 wikTJ 842 CBCOT |
| c.843 | Prophet ELISHA goes to Damascus. | 2K 8:7 843/2 SOTS 181 |
| c.842 | BEN-HADAD-II, king of Damascus 860-42, gets sick, sends servant HAZAEL to prophet ELISHA to see if he will recover. Elisha tells Hazael that Ben-Hadad "would" recover, but will die anyway, also that Hazael will rule Damascus. | 2K 8:7-13 |
| c.842 | BEN-HADAD-II dies. King of Damascus from 860, smothered by commoner Hazael. HAZAEL succeeds until 806. Anti-Assyrian coalition falls apart. | 885 GHH 845 CAH 3.1 844 Sdl 4-134 843 ISBE 1-459, 853, 2-635, Jud 9-1323, MRDK, SOTS 163, WPOT, rcS 842 IDB 1-63, LEWH 44, 46 841 B76 I-976, CBCOT, HCC, IDB 2-538, RAI3, bihi, htc |
| 841 | SHALMANEZER-III, king of Assyria 859-24, attacks Aram, defeats HAZAEL at Mt. Hermon, plunders cities of Aram until 837. | 841 IDB 2-538, ISBE 1-853, 4-446, Jud 3-287, RAI2 246, RAI3 297, WPOT 145 yr 18 PANE1 191 |
| 841 | HAZAEL king of Damascus 842-06, defeated by Shalmanezer-III at Mt. Hermon, retreats to Damascus, besieged by Assyrians, resists them single handedly until 837. | 841 B76 11-983, IDB 2-538, Jud 5-1237, RAI2 246, Sdl 4-110, SOTS 194 Shal yr 18 PANE1 191 |
| 841 | Son of Jehoshaphat, JEHORAM dies. King of Judah from 848, dies of intestinal disease. Son (age 22) AHAZIAH succeeds to later in 841. | 2K 8:24, 2Ch 21:19 886 GHH 843 DHJ 191, hifiI 842 B76 V-538, IDB 1-66, 306, LEWH 45, MRDK, WBH 34, bihi, bivu, lara, rcHL 841 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, 2-977, Jud 2-456, MNHK, RAI3, SOTS 187, 190, WPOT, biti, ds, frN, htc 840 btl 811 lgbt Joram yr 12 2K 8:25 Joram yr 11 2K 9:29 |
| 841 | JORAM king of Israel and AHAZIAH king of Judah see opportunity to recover Ramoth-Gilead now that Hazael is besieged. Lead armies to Ramoth-Gilead. Joram is wounded by Arameans, and returns to Jezreel. | 2K 8:28-29, 9:14, 2Ch 22:5-6 885 GHH 842 ISBE 2-635, Jud 3-288 841 CBCOT |
| 841 | RAMOTH-GILEAD, under Damascus from 888, taken by Joram and Ahaziah, under Israel until ?. | 2K 9:14 |
| 841 | AHAZIAH king of Judah leaves his army at Ramoth-Gilead, visits Joram in Jezreel. | 2K 8:29 |
| 841 | JEHU, captain of Israel's army at Ramoth-Gilead, anointed king of Israel by a prophet, then hailed king by his army, goes to Jezreel. JORAM and AHAZIAH ride out in chariots to meet Jehu. | 2K 9:6-21 884 GHH 841 frN |
| 841 | Son of Ahab, JORAM dies. King of Israel from 852, killed at field of Naboth in Jezreel by Jehu ben Jehoshaphat. JEHU succeeds until 814. | 2K 9:24 905 trubi 884 GHH 845 bk 842 B76 V-538, 17-946, DHJ 184, IDB 2-972, ISBE 2-981, Jud 9-1323, 1328, LEWH 44, Tmsn 120, rcHL 841 BI+N 50, 54, CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, MNHK, RAI2, RAI3, Sdl 4-100, WPOT, biti, bivu, ds, frN, htc, lara 842 WBH 20, hifiI 840 btl |
| JEHU DYNASTY begins until 752. |
| 841 | Son of Jehoram, AHAZIAH dies. King of Judah 841, (age 22) flees in his chariot, chased down and killed by order of Jehu. Mother ATHALIAH succeeds to 835. | 2K 9:27, 2Ch 22:9 905 trubi 884 GHH 845 bk 842 IDB 1-66, 306, Jud 3-814, LEWH 45, WBH 34, hifiI, rcHL 842/1 ISBE 1-350, 841 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 2-1010, Jud 2-456, MNHK, SOTS 190, 201, bihi, biti, bivu, ds, frN, htc, lara 840 btl 809 lgbt |
| 841 | JEZEBEL dies. Dau of Ittobaal, widow of Ahab, mother of Joram, at Jezreel, thrown out of a window by servants, on order of Jehu. Killed. | 2K 9:30-33 853 bivu 843 B76 V-555 841 Jud 10-99 |
| 841 | JEHU, king of Israel 841-14, at Jezreel, writes to all guardians of Ahab's 70 sons, telling them the situation. They get scared and exterminate most sons of Ahab. | 2K 10:1-7 840 hifiI |
| 841 | ATHALIAH, dau of Ahab, queen of Judah, learns of son Ahaziah's murder, kills all possible claimants to throne of Judah except baby JEHOASH ben Ahaziah, whom Jehoshaba, dau of Joram, hides. Athaliah begins a reign of terror until her death 835. | 2K 11:1, 2Ch 22:10 884 GHH 841 SOTS 191-93 |
| c.841 | Prophet OBADIAH, active from 848, ends. | 841 bivu 840 ds |
| 841 exact |  JEHU, king of Israel 841-14, in his ascension year, pays tribute to SHALMANEZER-III in his 18th year, as recorded on his Black Obelisk 825. |
photo GNU FDL 842 DHJ 194, 424, ISBE 1-853 841 B76 11-983, MNHK, MWΦ 17, PANE1 191, RAI2, Sdl 4-109, SOTS 156, Tmsn 128 |
| 841 | JEHU, king of Israel, in Samaria, has 42 bros of Ahaziah killed, exterminates the rest of Ahab's 70 sons, then exterminates all prophets of Baal (thus returning Israel to Jeroboam's calf worship). | 2K 10:12-26 842 WBH 20 |
| c.840 | King of Moab from 870, MESHA dies. SALAMANU succeeds until ?. | 840 WPOT 238, rcJdn |
| c.838 | SHALMANEZER-III, king of Assyria 859-24, again tries to conquer HAZAEL, but can't take Damascus. He receives tribute from Gebal, Tyre, Sidon. Failing to conquer Damascus, he goes home and never bothers Aram again. | 839 DHJ 194, LEWH 47 838 Jud 3-287, 5-1237, RAI2 246, RAI3 298, WPOT 145 837 IDB 2-538, ISBE 1-853, 2-635, MWΦ 17, RAI2, SOTS 165 |
| c.835 | SHALMANEZER-III, king of Assyria 859-24, reaches Hamath. | 835 wikHm |
| c.835 | JEHOIADA, High Priest of Jerusalem 850-25, calls army captains to the temple, makes agreement with them to crown JEHOASH ben Ahaziah king of Judah. It happens. Athaliah protests. | Athalia yr 7 2K 11:4, 2Ch 23:1 |
| c.835 | Widow of Jehoram, ATHALIAH dies. Queen of Judah from 841, killed by order of priest Jehoiada. Grandson (age 7) JEHOASH succeeds to 796. | 2K 11:15, 2Ch 23:14 yr 7 2K 11:20, 12:1, 2Ch 23:15, 24:1 905 trubi 878 GHH 840 bk 837 IDB 1-306, MRDK, WBH 34, rcHL 836 Jud 3-814, LEWH 45, Sdl 4-103-4, hifiI 835 CAH 3.1, CBCOT, HCC, ISBE 1-683, 2-1010, Jud 10-110, MNHK, RAI3, bihi, biti, bivu, btl, ds, frN, htc, lara 803 lgbt |
A Biblical king of Israel was called both Joash and Jehoash.
A Biblical king of Judah was called both Joash and Jehoash.
To confuse us worse, these kings were contemporaries.
I have arbitrarily chosen Joash for Israel and Jehoash for Judah. It gets worse.
| c.835 | JEHOIADA, High Priest of Jerusalem 850-25, kills MATTAN priest of Baal, destroys house of Baal, eliminates Baal worship in Judah, but doesn't remove high places. | 2K 11:18 |
| c.835 | JEHOASH king of Judah 835-796, orders priests to gather regular and free-will offerings for repair of temple. They collect the money, but the temple is not repaired until 812. | 2K 24:4 |
| c.835 | Prophet JOEL begins until 796. | 835 CBCOT, bivu, ds 830 bihi, htc |
| c.829 | METTEN, king of Tyre, 850-21, comes of age. | 829 ENBD 1303 |
| c.825 | JEHOIADA, High Priest of Jerusalem from 850, ends. Pedaiah and Ahitub II become co-high-priests until ?. | 825 af |
| c.821 | METTEN ends. King of Tyre, from 850. PYGMALION usurps throne 820-774. | 900 GHH 860 IDB 1-381 844 arg 832 wikT 821 LEWH 48, MWΦ 17 820 Sdl 1-159, adeT, rcLeb |
| c.820 | All Israel east of Jordan River is taken by HAZAEL king of Damascus until 795. | 2K 10:32-3
840 GHH 837-14 SOTS 820 CBCOT |
| c.814 | ACHARBAS priest of Melqart in Tyre, uncle and husband of Elisa, sis of Pygmalion, king of Tyre, murdered by Pygmalion. ELISA (Dido) pays homage to Melqart and sails from Tyre with partisans of dead husband Acharbas. They land on Cyprus. | 878 GHH 814 MWΦ 114 |
| c.814 | GATH, frontier fortress under Judah from time of Rehoboam, taken by HAZAEL, who then turns to attack Jehoash of Jerusalem, who buys him off with temple and palace treasure. | 2K 12:17-18 2Ch 24:23 815 IDB 3-794 814 Sdl 4-117 813-04 SOTS |
| c.814 | HAZAEL, king of Damascus 842-06 gets as far south as Aphek on border of Philistia. | 813 Jud 9-1315 |
| c.814 | Son of Jehoshaphat, JEHU dies. King of Israel from 841. Son JEHOAHAZ succeeds until 798. | 2K 10:35 Jehoash yr 23 2K 13:1 856 GHH 818 bk 815 B76 V-538, IDB 2-810, 817, ISBE 1-853, MRDK, rcHL 814 BI+N 54, CAH 3.1, CBCOT, DHJ 193, HCC, ISBE 1-683, 2-981, Jud 9-1315, 1328, MCAW 61, MNHK, RAI2, RAI3, Sdl 4-112, SOTS 194, WPOT, biti, ds, frN, hifiI, htc 814/3 bivu 813 btl, lara 796 CBCOT |
| CONFUSION ALERT! Another Jehoahaz will be king of Judah in 609. |
| c.814 | JEHOIADA, High Priest of Jerusalem from ?, (age 130) dies. King JEHOASH then lets the princes of Judah make and serve idols. | 2Ch 24:15-18 814/3 Sdl 4-106-7 |
| c.812 | JEHOASH king of Judah 835-796, puts a voluntary collection box in the temple court to the right of the altar. | yr 23 2K 12:6-9 812 SOTS 202 |
| c.812 | Temple repairs, begun ?, completed by Jehoash. | 813 ISBE 2-1010 |
| c.810 | SHECHEM destroyed by Hazael of Damascus. | 2K 13:22810 ISBE 4-462 |
| c.806 | HAZAEL dies. King of Damascus from 842. Son BEN-HADAD-III succeeds until 772. | 2K 13:24 840 GHH 838 CAH 3.1 806 CBCOT, LEWH 44, 47, RAI3 804 rcS 801 HCC, ISBE 1-853, Sdl 4-134, SOTS 164, bihi, htc 798 IDB 2-538, ISBE 2-635 796 ISBE 1-459, MRDK, WPOT |
| c.805 | ADAD-NIRARI-III king of Assyria 811-783 campaigns in Aram until 802. | 806/5 Jud 4-515 805 ISBE 1-853, Jud 9-1316, Sdl 4-114, 134, WPoT 145 803 BI+N 54 |
| c.805 | ADRAMU, king of Arpad from ?, ends. Son ATARSHUMKI succeeds until 796. | 805 CAH 3.1-401 |
| c.804 | ADAD-NIRARI-III king of Assyria 811-783 takes DAMASCUS, controls all Aram, receives tribute from Phoenicia, Israel, Philistia. | 806 LEWH 47 805 IDB 1-117 804 B76 17:942, 944 Damascus holds: B76 11-983 802 Tmsn 128 |
| c.804 | ADAD-NIRARI-III king of Assyria 811-783 defeats Ben Hadad-III king of Damascus at Mansuate (location disputed). | 796 Jud 9-1316, Sdl 4-137 |
| HAZAEL king of Damascus | Sdl 4-137 |
| c.804 | ADAD-NIRARI-III king of Assyria 811-783 reaches GAZA. | 804 B76 11:983 |
| c.803 | PYGMALION king of Tyre 820-774, pays tribute to ADAD-NIRARI-III. | 803 ENBD 1303 |
| c.802 | ADAD-NIRARI-III king of Assyria 811-783, besieges Damascus, imposes tribute on Ben-Hadad-III. | 802 Jud 4-515 |
| c.802 | ADAD-NIRARI-III king of Assyria 811-783, ends successful campaign in Aram, visits Mediterranean. | 802 ISBE 1-853, Jud 9-1316, MCAW 60, Sdl 4-134, WPOT 145 |
Levant 800-612
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